kñúgsm½y)araMgRtYtRta BYkesþcskþiPUmi)an)at;bg;GMNacesÞIrEtTaMgRsugkñúgkic©karrdæ)aldwknaMrdæ EtenA
edImqñaM1944 rdækar)araMgk¾)anseRmccitþbn§ÚrbnßynUvGMNacGaNaniKmn_rbs;xøÜnkñúgTwkdIExµr ehIy)an
pþl;eGaysemþc neratþm sIhnu nUvsiT§iBiessmYycMnYnedIm,IEtgtaMgrdæaPi)aleGaydwknaMraC¢kic© . fVIt,it
Et)araMgenAmanGMNacGaNaniKmelITwkdIExµr Et)araMg)anyl;RBmeGaymankare)aHeqñatCasakldMbUg
bg¥s;kñúgRbeTsExµrnaqñaM1946 ehIyEdlkalenaH RkumExµrGñkRbCaFibetyüCaGñkQñHeqñat nigTTYl)an
karKaMRTd¾eRcInelIslb;BIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæExµrenATUTaMgRbeTs . C½yCMnHrbs;RkúmExµrGñkRbCaFib
etyünaeBlenaH min)aneFVIeGayraCvaMgEdlkMBugkan;GMNacedayRkumesþcskþiPUmisb,aycitþenaHeT .
RbsinebIeFVIkareRbobeFobBIC½yCMnHrbs;RkumExµrGñkRbCaFibetyü kalBIe)aHeqñatqñaM1946minxusBIC½y
CMnHrbs;RkumExµrGñkCatiniymkalBIe)aHeqñatqñaM1993enaHeT eBalKWfaBYkesþcskþiPUmi minsb,aycitþ
dUcKñanwgBYkGay:gyYnkumµúynIsþEdlcaj;eqñatEdr eRBaHkalhñúHKNbkSEdlraCvaMgrbs; semþc neratþm
sIhnu )anpþl;karKaMRTminGacykC½yCMnHBIRkumbkSGñkRbCaFibetyü)an .

taMgBIqñaM1946 rhUtdl;mkdl;qñaM1955 semþc neratþm sIhnu minmankargarneya)ayGVIeRcIneRkAGMBI
rkmeFüa)aykMcat;RkumbkSGñkRbCaFibetyüExµrenaHeT. ehIykic©karenH)anbnþrhUtenAeRkaykMeNItén
KNbkSsgÁmra®sþniym Edl)anbegáItnigdwknaMpÞal;eday neratþm sIhnu taMgBIqñaM1995 rhUtmkdl;cug
qñaM1969 . kalenaHneya)ayrbs; semþc neratþm sIhnu EdlR)afñae)assm¥atnigsmøab;Gs;nUvRkum
ExµrGñkRbCaFibetyü KWdUcKñaebHbitnwgneya)ayrbs; h‘un Esn nakñúgsm½yenH EdlxitxMriHrknUvRKb;
meFüa)ayeFVIy:agNaCIkKas;rMelIgnUvmUldæanRKwHénRkumExµrGñkCatiniym nigsmøab;GñkesñhaCati .

cMNucenHeyIgGaceFVIkarsnñidæan)anfa { kumµúynIsþ nigraCaniymskþiPUmi KWEtmYy }. dUecñHkareCOnigKaMRT
BYkraCaniymskþiPUmi KWdUcKñanwgkareCOnigKaMRTBYkpþac;karkumµúynIsþEdr . enHk¾CacemøIysRm:ab;Gñkq¶l;fa
etImUlehtuGVI)anCa neya)ayrbs; neratþm sIhnu RtUvKñaEtCamYyRbeTscin kumµúynIsþ nigRbeTskUer:
kumµúynIsþ ?

mansMNYrmYyeTotecaTsYrfa RbsinebI semþc neratþm sIhnu søab;eTA etIvasnaGnaKtRbeTsExµr nig
RbCaBlrdænwgeTACay:agNa ?

tamBitkarsøab;rbs; neratþm sIhnu KWminmanCab;Bak;B½n§GVICamYynwgGnaKténrbbneya)ayExµr nigeCaK
vasnarbs;CatiExµrnasm½yenHeT . b:uEnþkarrs;enArbs;neratþm sIhnu naeBlenHKW)ankMBugEteFVIeGayRkum
ExµrGñkCatiniymmYycMnYnenAmankarseRmccitþminc,as;las; k¾eRBaHEtBYkeKrgcaMxøacERkg semþc sIhnu
dwgstieLIgvijnéf¶NamYy . dUcenHkarsøab;d¾qab;rh½srbs; semþc sIhnu GacCa»kasEdleFVIeGayRkum
ExµrGñkCatiniymRsuHRsYlKña eFVIkic©karCamYyKña nigseRmcebskmµrYmKñaedaymincaM)ac;cMNayeBlrg
caMbuKÁlEdledkminecHPJak;mñak;mkdwknaM.

taMgBIqñaM1946 rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ semþc sIhnu KWCaq¥WgTTwgk rbs;RkumExµrGñkRbCaFibetyüCatiniym
eRBaHEt semþc sIhnu mancrwkCaGñkneya)ayEdlmandgxøÜndUcCastVBs;GsirBis .

RkumbkSGñkRbCaFibetyüExµrrlayeRkayqñaM1955 k¾Casñaédrbs; sIhnu yYneyokkugelIkT½BcUlQøan
Bankm<úCa vaypþÜlrMlMrbbsaFarNrdæExµr )ank¾Casñaédrbs;sIhnu yYnelIbnþúbrbbExµreGaykan;kab;GMNac
smøab;ExµrGs;CagBIrlannak; k¾Casñaédrbs; sIhnu ehIyyYnelIkT½BcUlQøanBandak;nwmGaNaniKmelIExµr
elIkbnþúbrbbGay:genAPñMeBjeRkayéf¶ 07 mkra 1979 k¾CakarcUlrYmrbs; sIhnu nigCaBiressRkumem
dwknaMGay:gyYnGacmanlT§PaBeFVIrdæRbhareyaFakñúgExkkáda qñaM1997ehIybøn;ykGMNacRKb;RKg
RbeTsExµrrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ k¾Casñaédrbs; sIhnu Edr . dUecñHCIvitrbs;Kt; ¬ semþc neratþm sIhnu¦ KW
rs;edIm,IbMpøajExµr nigedIm,Ismøab;ExµrGñkRbCaFibetyüCatiniym ehIypþl;RbeyaCn_eGaybreTsEdlCa
sRtÚvQøanBanExµr .

enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;GñkniBn§CnCatiGURsþalI elak miltun Gues,an )anehA sIhnu fa sIhnu KWCapáaybIsac
Edlmkcab;CatiedIm,IbMpøajRbeTsExµr nigsmøab;RbCaBlrdæExµr . CakarBit semþc sIhnu KWCaGñkpþl;siT§i
eGayyYneyokkugcUllukluyQøanBandIExµr CaGñkpþl;kMeNItnigbegáItrbbExµrRkhmEdlsmøab;rgÁal
nigCaGñkpþl;kmøaMgfamBleR)asCIvitneya)ayBYkRkumemdwnaMGay:gyYnenAPñMeBjnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH .

b:uEnþeTaHy:agNakarBitEdl)anbiT)aMgGs;ry³kalCaeRcInqñaMmkehIyenaH eBlenHkMBugRtÚv)anebIk
kkay ehIysc©³PaBénRbvtþisa®sþenHk¾)ankMBugEtR)ab;RbCaBlrdæExµr GMBIkarBiténcrwknignisS½yrbs;
GñkdwknaMExµrEdr .

rbbraCaniymskþiPUmi EdlBüayamrs;TaMgRtdreRkameQµaHénrbbraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmµnuBaØ k¾BitCanwg
RtUvrlayvinasGs;naeBlxagmuxd¾qab;²enH. dUecñHRbCaBlrdæExµr nigRkumExµrGñkRbCaFibetyüCatiniym
ElgmansRtÚvBIrenAeqVgpgnigsþaMpgeTotehIy . eBalRkúmraCaniymskþiPUmiElgCabnøaFMkñúgclnaneya
)ayrbs;RkumExµrGñkRbCaFibetyüCatiniymeTotehIy EtsRtUvEtmYynigFMbMputrbs;ExµrnaeBlenHKWRkum
BYkGay:gyYnkumµúynIsþ EdlkMBugkan;GMNacpþac;karsmøab;Exµr nigbMpøajsm,tþiFmµCati EdlCaekrmrtk
rbs;dUntaExµr .

mü:agvijeTotrbbdwknaMRkugPñMeBjnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH k¾minEmnCaGMNacfµPñMEdlrWgmaMehIyEdlcak;b¤sCa
FmµCatiedayxøÜnÉgelIdIExµrEdr . eBalrbbGay:gmYyenHRKan;EtCaRKb;BUCn_rbs;yYnRkúghaNUy Edl
ykmkbnþúb bNþúHelIdIrbs;Exµr ehIyx©Iédsemþc neratþm sIhnu eGayCYyeRsacTwkEfTaM edIm,I[mankar
lUtlas;l¥kñúgry³mYyry³eBlEtb:ueNÑaH. cMENkRKab;BUCBitR)akdrbs;Exµr fVIt,itEteTIrenAelIfµ min
Tan;Føak;dl;dI EtRKab;BUCExµrGñkCatiniymminEdlsVitrlYys¥úy b¤k¾ElgduHenaHeT .

dUecñHéf¶EdlymraCüseRmcykCIvitrbs; neratþm sIhnu naeBlNa eBlenaHehIyCaéf¶EdlkmøaMgExµr
GñkRbCaFibetyüesrI GacrYbrYmKñaFøúgmYyTb;Tl;CamYyBYkkumµúynIsGay:gyYn .

rbbraCaniymskþiPUminaeBlenH KweRbób)annwgeCIgsrsrBukEdlkeNþósuI cMENkrbbkumµúynIsþGay:gyYn
EdlRkughaNUyelIkbnþúbenAeRkayéf¶TI07 mkra qñaM1979 eRbób)annwgdMbUlek,Óg EdlBwgelIeCIg
srsrrbs;raCaniymskþiPUmid¾BukpuyenH. dUecñHéf¶EdlRkumBYkraCaniymputrlt; k¾Caéf¶EdlBYkkumµúynIsþ
Gay:gyYnGvsanþEdr. mann½yfa rbbkumµuúynIsþ EdldwknaMeday h‘un Esn enAkm<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñenH
minEmnCaRKwHénkmøaMgbrisuT§rbs;ExµreT EtvaCakmøaMgbgáb;EdlBYkyYnRkughaNUybgáat;BUCkumµúynIsþ nig
BUCb¤raCaniymskþiPUmibBa©ÚlKña.

dUecñHehIy)anCa RkumraCaniymskþiPUmirbs; semþc sIhnu RtÚvkarBwgelIdMbUlkumµúynIsþ rbs;rbb h‘un Esn
ehIyrbbkumµúynIsþ rbs; h‘un Esn RtÚvkarBwgelIsrsrraCaniymskþiPUmirbs; semþc sIhnu . Etsrsr
raCaniymskþiPUmirbs;semþc sIhnu minGacQrRTdMbUld¾F¶n; énrbbkumµúynIsþ rbs; h‘un Esn )anyUreT
ehIyrbbkumµúynIsþRkugPñMeBj k¾KµanlT§PaBnigksagsrsrRKwHedayxøÜnÉg edIm,InwgkarBardMbUlrbs;
xøÜnsRmab;éf¶GnaKt;Edr eRBaHkñúgsgÁmExµr RbCaBlrdæExµrPaKeRcIndwgy:agc,as;fa bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa
EdleRsabsMbkBIxageRkAedayRkuménKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa naeBlbc©úb,nñmkBINa ehIynNaCaGñk
begáIt ?

dUcenHmeFüa)ayedIm,ITb;Tl;karBarGMNacRbcaMéf¶rbs;xøÜnenAPñMeBj BYkRkumkumµúynIsþ EdlyYnelIk
bnþúbenH KWmanEteRbImeFüa)aysmøab; KMram niglYgelambnøMEPñk rYcehIyxitxMCYybnþCIviteGayRkumBYk
raCaniymskþiPUmi edIm,IplRbeyaCn_neya)aymYyRKasinEtb:ueNÑaH .

Etbc©úb,nñ kmøaMgbrisuT§énRkumExµrRbCaFibetyüesrI kMBugEtrIkduHdal ehIyRKab;BUCGñksaFarNrdæCa
eRcInk¾)ankMBugremolFøak;BIelIfµImkelIdInwgTTYlnUvTwksenSImFmµCati cak;b¤s ksagmUldæanRKwHsRmab;
BRgIknUvlT§ineya)aynigBRgwgkmøaMgRbCaFibetyü edIm,Iksagrbbneya)ay tamEbbRbCaFibetyü
naeBlGnaKt;sRmab;km<úCa .

dUecñHrbbneya)ayd¾RbesIrbMputsRmab;Exµrnaéf¶GnaKt; nigEdlGacse®gÁaHExµrBIrbbkumµúynIsþ ehIy
karBarbUrNPaB GFibetyüPaBTwkdIrbs;Exµr enaHKWCarbbneya)aysaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüesrI
EdldwknaMedayRbFanaFibtImanGaNtþinigbeRmIeGaylplRbeyaCn_rbs;Exµr .¼